Table 1 Current research on the gut microbiota-based therapy in improving AD lipid metabolism and pathological features

VSL#3

APP NL-GF mice

Verrucomicrobia↑, Actinobacteria↑, Taurodeoxycholic acid↓

PGE2↓,

6-keto PGF1α↓, PGF2α↓,

AA↑

Regulate inflammation response

[234]

L. plantarum

APP/PS1 mice

TMA↓,

TMAO↓

CLU↓

Alleviate neuroinflammation, reduce hippocampal Aβ levels, improve cognitive

[178]

SLAB51

3×Tg-AD mice

Bifidobacterium spp.↑, Campylobacterales↓, Acetic acid↑, Propionic acid↑, Butyric acid↑

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol↑, stearic acid↑, heptadecanoic acid↑, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol↓, oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol↓, total cholesterol↓, ω-6/ ω-3 PUFAs ratio↓

Improve glucose metabolism, ameliorate lipid metabolism disorders, alleviate inflammatory responses, reduce cerebral oxidative stress, decrease Aβ deposition, and enhance cognition

[46, 230,231,232]

Bifidobacterium breve strain A1

Aβ injection mice

phylum Actinobacteria↑,

family Bifidobacteriaceae↑, family doribacteraceae↓, Lachnospiraceae↓, acetate↑

SCFAs↑

Suppress inflammation and immune response, enhance cognitive,

[244]

NK46

5×FAD-Tg mice

Prevotellaceae↑, Ruminococacea↓,

Lachnospiraceae↓, Helicobacteriaceae↓,

Pseudomonadaceae↓,

LPS↓

SCFAs↑

Inhibit inflammatory responses, reduce Aβ production and accumulation, alleviate memory and cognitive decline

[245]

Human Lactobacillaceae

APP/PS1 mice

Bacteroidetes↑,

Staphylococcus↑, Acinetobacter↑, Weissella↑, Butyricicoccus↑,

Sphingobacterium↑, Proteobacteria↓,

Desulfobacterota↓,

Patescibacteria↓,

Eisenbergiella↓

Malondialdehyde↓

Reduce oxidative stress, attenuate microglia activation, improved the cognitive deficiencies

[246]

Bifidobacterium Lactis Probio-M8

APP/PS1 mice

Desulfovibrionaceae↑,

Oscillospira↑, Coprococcus↑, Clostridiales↑,

acidifaciens↑, Adlercreutzia↓, Lactobacillus↓,Streptococcus↓

fatty acid biosynthesis↑, SCFAs↑

Reduced Aβ plaque burden, protected against gut microbiota dysbiosis, alleviate cognitive impairment

[247]

Clostridium butyricum

APP/PS1 mice

Alloprevotella↑, Deferribacteres↓, Helicobacteraceae↓, Helicobacter↓, butyrate↑

SCFAs↑

Ameliorated microglia activation, neurodegeneration, Aβ deposition and cognitive deficits

[248]

Mannan oligosaccharide

5×FAD-Tg mice

Prevotella↑, Oscillospira↑,

Lactobacillus↑, Helicobacter↓, butyrate↑,LPS↓

SCFAs↑

Ameliorated microglia activation, neurodegeneration, Aβ deposition and cognitive deficits

[240]

Morinda officinalis

APP/PS1 mice

Arthrobacter↑, Phycicoccus↑, Streptococcus↑, Akkermansia↑, Blautia↑, Ruminococcus↑, Coprococcus↑, Allobaculum↑, Dehalobacterium↑, Methanolinea↑, Candidatus Methanoregula Lactobacillus↑, Allobaculum↑,

Lactobacillaceae↑,

Lachnospiraceae↑, Mucispirillum↓, Odoribacter↓, Rikenella↓, Faecalibacterium↓, Alistipes↓, Parabacteroides↓, Anaerotruncus↓

linolelaidic acid↑,

LysoPC↑,

LysoPE↑,

15(S)-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid↓

Reduce neuronal apoptosis, improve memory

[249]

FMT

APP/PS1 mice

Bacteroidetes↑,

Proteobacteria↓,

Verrucomicrobia↓,

butyrate↑

SCFAs↑

Relieved cognitive deficits, Aβ accumulation, synaptic dysfunction and neuroinflammation

[241]

FMT

APP/PS1 mice

/

1-stearoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine↓, PC (16:0/16:0) ↓

Decreased Aβ plaque, proliferation and activation of astrocyte and microglia

[43]